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China history, Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become the world's fastest growing major economy. Its the world's second largest economy, after the United States, following a very brief history of China |
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QIN SHI HUANG DYNASTY 221 BC The first unified Chinese state was established by Qin Shi Huang of the Qin state in 221 BC. Qin Shi Huang proclaimed himself the "First Emperor" and imposed many reforms, AS the standardization of the Chinese language, measurements, length of cart axles, and currency. The Qin Dynasty lasted only fifteen years, falling soon after Qin Shi Huang's death, as its harsh legalist and authoritarian policies led to widespread rebellion HAN DYNASTY 220 - 206 BC created a lasting Han cultural identity among its populace that extends to the present day. The Han Dynasty expanded the empire's territory considerably with military campaigns reaching Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia and Central Asia, also helped establish the Silk Road in Central Asia. China was for a large part of the last two millennia the world's largest economy. However, in the later part of the Qing Dynasty, China's economic development began to slow and Europe's rapid development in the Industrial Revolution enabled it to surpass China. |
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AFTER HAN DYNASTY COLLAPSE stars period of disunion followed, including the highly chivalric period of the Three Kingdoms. Independent Chinese states of this period such as Wu opened diplomatic relations with Japan, introducing the Chinese writing system there. In 580 AD, China was reunited under the Sui. However, the Sui Dynasty declined following its defeat in the Goguryeo - Sui War (598–614) TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES Chinese technology and culture entered a golden age. The Tang Empire was at its height of power until the middle of the 8th century, when the An Shi Rebellion destroyed the prosperity of the empire. The Song Dynasty was the first government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent standing navy. Between the 10th and 11th centuries, the population of China doubled in size. This growth came about through expanded rice cultivation in central and southern China, and the production of abundant food surpluses. |
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SONG DYNASTY The Northern Song Dynasty had a population of some
100 million people. The Song Dynasty was a culturally rich period for
philosophy and the arts. Landscape art and portrait painting were
brought to new levels of maturity and complexity after the Tang Dynasty,
and social elites gathered to view art, share their own, and trade
precious artworks. Philosophers such as Cheng Yiand Chu Hsi
reinvigorated Confucianism with new commentary, infused Buddhist ideals,
and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that brought about
the core doctrine of Neo-Confucianism. |
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MING DYNASTY 1368 Under the Ming Dynasty, China enjoyed another golden age, developing one of the strongest navies in the world and a rich and prosperous economy amid a flourishing of art and culture. It was during this period that Zheng He led explorations throughout the world, reaching as far as Africa. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, China's capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing.
During the Ming Dynasty, thinkers such as Wang Yangming further
critiqued and expanded Neo-Confucianism with concepts ofindividualism
and innate morality that would have tremendous impact on later Japanese
thought. Chosun Korea also became a nominal vassal state of Ming China,
and adopted much of its Neo-Confucian bureaucratic structure. |
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THE MANCHU QING DYNASTY then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and overthrew Li's short-lived Shun Dynasty, and subsequently seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing Dynasty. In total, the Manchu conquest of China cost as many as 25 million lives. THE QING DYNASTY, which lasted until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. In the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty adopted a defensive posture towards European imperialism, even though it engaged in an imperialistic expansion of its own into Central Asia. At this time, China awoke to the significance of the rest of the world, the West in particular. As China opened up to foreign trade and missionary activity, opium produced by British India was forced onto Qing China. Two Opium Wars with Britain weakened the Emperor's control. Western imperialism proved to be disastrous for China. |
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SUN YAT-SEN FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC CHINA 1 JANUARY 1912,
was proclaimed provisional president of the republic. After 1916, China
was politically fragmented, with an internationally recognized but
virtually powerless national government seated in Beijing. This
political division made it difficult for Chiang to battle the Communists,
which the Kuomintang had been warring against since 1927 in the Chinese
Civil War. |
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MAO ZEDONG OCTOBER 1, 1949 proclaims the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Mao encouraged population growth, and under his leadership the Chinese population almost doubled from around 550 million to over 900 million. In 1966, Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution, which would last until Mao's death a decade later. After Mao's death in 1976 and the arrest of the Gang of Four, Deng Xiaoping quickly wrested power from Mao's anointed successor Hua Guofeng. Deng was in fact the Paramount Leader of China at that time, his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms. ECONOMIC EXPANSION The city of Shanghai has become a symbol of China's rapid economic expansion since the 1990. President Jiang Zemin and Premier Zhu Rongji, led the nation in the 1990s. Under Jiang and Zhu's ten years of administration, China's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2%. The country joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 |
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